MCA1040- SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Q1.) Describe the following:-
a) Transaction Processing Systems (TPS):- The most basic computer based system in an organization is related to business transactions. A transactions processing system is a computer based system that captures, categories, accumulates, maintains, updates & recovers transaction data for record maintaining & for input to other kind of CBIS.
Activities covered under transaction processing system are placing orders, billing customers, appointing employees, depositing cheques, etc. Transaction processing systems offer orderliness, speed & accuracy & can be programmed to follow routines without any inconsistency.
Example of TPS: Withdrawing of money by you from an ATM machine is a good example of TPS. The transaction must be carried out instantaneously & the account balance updated as quickly as possible, to authorize the client & the financial institution having the account to preserve a records of funds.
b) Management Information Systems (MIS):- Management information system (MIS) broadly refers to a computer-based system that provides managers with the tools to organize evaluate and efficiently manage departments within an organization. In order to provide past, present and prediction information, a management information system can include software that helps in decision making, data resources such as databases, the hardware resources of a system, decision support systems, people management and project management applications, and any computerized processes that enable the department to run efficiently. This information must be important, timely, precise, complete & concise & inexpensively feasible.
Example of MIS: Monetary Accounting System.
c) Decision Support Systems (DSS):- The term refers to an interactive computerized system that gathers and presents data from a wide range of sources, typically for business purposes. DSS applications are systems and subsystems that help people make decisions based on data that is culled from a wide range of sources.
Example of DSS: A national on-line book seller wants to begin selling its products internationally but first needs to determine if that will be a wise business decision. The vendor can use a DSS to gather information from its own resources (using a tool such as OLAP) to determine if the company has the ability or potential ability to expand its business and also from external resources, such as industry data, to determine if there is indeed a demand to meet. The DSS will collect and analyze the data and then present it in a way that can be interpreted by humans. Some decision support systems come very close to acting as artificial intelligence agents.
d) Office Automation Systems (OAS):- Office automation refers to the computer systems & software used to generate, gather, stock, & communicate office information required for completing basic tasks & goals. Data storage, electronic transmission & the management of business information are the basic activities of an OAS.
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Q2.) Define attributes. What are the two attribute classifications? Explain about properties and characteristics.
Ans.) The term ‘Attributes’ stands for functional or physical traits of a system. System attributes are considered as the supposed qualities of the system. Some examples of attributes are temperature, location, state, gender, income levels, etc.
The Two attribute classifications are:-
· Functional attributes: are performance parameters, which can be measured such as reliability, safety & maintainability.
· Physical attributes: are qualitative & quantitative aspects of material features such as dimensions, composition, form, finishes & fit.
Properties:
The term ‘Properties’ indicate the mass properties of a system. Examples of properties are weight, density, & dimensions like length, breadth or height.
Characteristics:
The term ‘Characteristics’ stands for the physical & behavioral qualities that exclusively separate one system from another.
· Examples of physical characteristics include equipment warm-up, radar cross-sections of a jet, vehicle speeding up to cruise speed, stopping; etc.
· Examples of behavioral characteristics include responsivity & predictability.
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Q3.) Explain the concept of Analysis and Design in system development life cycle.
Ans.) System development is a quite a challenging & difficult task. In developing a big integrated system, like MIS, a lot of people are involved & several months or even years are devoted for completion. But, a small autonomous application, like payroll, can be generated in a number of weeks or months by a single or only a few programmers. For these kinds of small systems, system development activities may be performed perfectly without appropriate documentation. But, for big systems, these activities must be performed unambiguously with appropriate preparation & documentation.
In both small & large system, system development rotates about a life cycle that starts with the identification of user’s requirements & recognizing their difficulties. Such a life cycle including numerous phases is known as System Development Life Cycle (SDLC).
Analysis Phase
Analysis phase considered as a comprehensive study of numerous operations accomplished by the system & their association inside & outside of the system. It also involves understanding the nature of the information & functions of the software that is required for the system. The main question is: what to do to solve the problem?
One facet of analysis is specifying the limitations of the system & identifying whether or not a system should take into account other relates systems. During analysis, data is gathered on accessible files & transactions managed by the existing system.
It needs special skills & understanding by the analyst of the subjects being interviewed. Prejudice of the analyst in data gathering & its interpretation can be problem. Training, experience & common sense are needed for compilation of the information required to perform analysis. After completing the analysis, the analyst has a clear understanding of what is to be performed.
After the systems analyst has decided that the requested system is feasible & the management has permitted to carry on the development procedure, then SDLC goes into its next phase of requirements determination & prepares a Software Requirements Specifications (SRS) document. Once the SRS Document is prepared, the analyst moves on to the design phase where the total cost of the system is estimated.
Design Phase
The next phase that comes after analysis is system design. After completion of software Requirements Specification (SRS) document in analysis phase, the analyst makes a plan to handle the software project. System planning is considered as the most essential part of the design phase.
System planning involves the total cost estimation of developing the system together with the estimation of total time period needed. A project team is finalized with complete staff needed for each phase. Now, the analyst decides how the problem can be solved. Therefore, in the systems design phase, we shift from the logical to the physical aspects of the life cycle.
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Q4.) Write short notes on:
a) Data Dictionary: - A catalogue comprising all data elements, data structures & processes depicted in logical DFDs is known as a data dictionary.
b) Data Element: Data element is defined as the smallest unit of data having some meaning. For e.g. part code, part name, etc., are data elements.
c) Data Structure: A set of data elements that illustrate a unit in the system is known as a data structure. For e.g. Part Details is a data structure comprising part code, part name, etc., data elements.
d) Data Store: A data structure used for gathering data input throughout processing is known as data store. For e.g. Part Register is a data store.
e) Data Flow: A data structure that represents a unit of data in motion is known as data flow. For e.g. a data flow, New Part Details moves from an external entity to a process.
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Q5.) What are the different types of methods used for the training of operators and users? Discuss.
Ans.) The success or failure of a well-designed system depends on the manner in which it is operated & used. Thus, the quality of training obtained by the personnel related with the system in different capacities helps in the system’s successful implementation.
Those who are associated with the system development work, directly or indirectly, must recognize in detail what their roles will be, how they can make efficient utilization of the system & what the system will do for them. Training is required for both systems operators & users.
There are different methods for organizing training of operators & users. Most significant among them are as follows:
· Vendor & In-service Training: The best source of training is the vendor who provides the equipment. Mainly, vendors provide extensive educational programs included in their services. The courses provided by experienced trainers & sales personnel, includes all aspects of utilizing the equipment such as how to turn it on & off, how to store & retrieve data, etc. One session is provided for hands-on training also in order that the members can freely use the system in front of the trainers.
· In-service training takes place after an employee starts using the software. On installation of some software like database management system or teleprocessing, training employee before-hand is preferable to in-service training.
· In-house training: The major benefit of providing in-house training is that instructions can be customized as per the needs of the organization. The vendors generally negotiate fees & charges that are most cost-effective in order that organizations can include more personnel in the training program. In-house training enables vendors, to understand the real time problems & suggest appropriate remedies. The disadvantages of in-house training include disturbing telephone calls, business crisis & other disruptions.
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Q6.) Explain the concept of inheritance and polymorphism with example.
Ans.) Inheritance: Inheritance is defined as a method in which the subclass inherits the properties & attributes of a class. In the process of inheritance the subclasses can be refined by adding some new attributes & functionality.
A lot of repetitive coding is there when numerous different classes supporting the same protocol are executed. Inheritance permits the sharing of the implementation of operations to most of the object-oriented systems instead of duplicate code in different classes.
By means of inheritance, one class can be defined as basically similar to another, & just the methods in which they vary can be implemented. Actually, in the starting days of object-oriented design, the use of inheritance was also known as ‘Programming by Difference’.
Some relationships are considered stronger as compare to others (like a relationship among family members is stronger than one among casual links). The strongest relationship is known as inheritance. For e.g. inheritance allows an object, known as a child, to inherit one or more of its attributes from another object, known as parent.
Polymorphism: Polymorphism signifies the ability to influence the objects of different classes knowing just their general properties. For e.g. an operation reservation would be considered appropriately by a class illustrating a train by means of rules applicable to the railway. The same operation reservation would be considered in a different way by another class in case of airline.
Polymorphism signifies many forms. It is also known as method overriding which is defined as the ability of an object-oriented program to have various forms of the same method having the same name inside a superclass/subclass relationship. The subclass inherits a parent method & can add to it or modify it.
The same message to two dissimilar objects can generate dissimilar results. The concept that a message provides dissimilar meanings to dissimilar objects is known as polymorphism. For e.g. the message ‘Good Night’ in figure notifies the ‘Parent object to read a bedtime story, but the same message, when sent to the ‘Pet’ object, notifies the pet to sleep. The message ‘Good Night’ to the ‘child’ object notifies it to get ready for bed.
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